PLURAL NOUNS
Most nouns
make their plurals by simply adding –s to the end (e.g.
cat/cats, book/books, journey/journeys). Some do change their endings, though.
The main types of noun that do this are:
Nouns ending in -y
If the noun
ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by
changing -y to -ies:
singular
|
plural
|
berries
|
|
activities
|
|
daisies
|
If the noun
ends with -ch, -s, -sh, -x, or -z, add -es
to form the plural:
singular
|
plural
|
churches
|
|
buses
|
|
foxes
|
There’s one
exception to this rule. If the -ch ending is pronounced with a ‘k’ sound, you
add -s rather than -es:
singular
|
plural
|
stomachs
|
|
epochs
|
Nouns ending in -f or -fe
With nouns
that end in a consonant or a single vowel plus -f or -fe, change
the -f or -fe to -ves:
singular
|
plural
|
knives
|
|
halves
|
|
scarves
|
Nouns which
end in two vowels plus -f usually form plurals in the normal way, with
just an -s
singular
|
plural
|
chiefs
|
|
spoofs
|
Nouns ending in -o
Nouns ending
in -o can add either -s or -es in the plural, and some can
be spelled either way.
- As a general rule, most nouns ending in -o add -s to make the plural:
singular
|
plural
|
solos
|
|
zeros
|
|
avocados
|
- Those which have a vowel before the final -o always just add -s:
singular
|
plural
|
studios
|
|
zoos
|
|
embryos
|
- Here’s a list of the most common nouns ending in -o that are always spelled with -es in the plural:
singular
|
plural
|
buffaloes
|
|
dominoes
|
|
echoes
|
|
embargoes
|
|
heroes
|
|
mosquitoes
|
|
potatoes
|
|
tomatoes
|
|
torpedoes
|
|
vetoes
|
Here
are some of the common nouns ending in -o that can be spelled with
either -s or -es in the plural:
singular
|
plural
|
banjos or
banjoes
|
|
cargos or
cargoes
|
|
flamingos or
flamingoes
|
|
frescos or
frescoes
|
|
ghettos or
ghettoes
|
|
halos or
haloes
|
|
mangos or
mangoes
|
|
mementos or
mementoes
|
|
mottos or
mottoes
|
|
tornados or
tornadoes
|
|
tuxedos or
tuxedoes
|
|
volcanos or
volcanoes
|
Plurals of foreign nouns
The plurals
of words which have come into English from a foreign language such as Latin or
Greek often have two possible spellings: the foreign plural spelling and an
English one. For example, you can spell the plural of aquarium (from
Latin) as either aquaria (the Latin plural) or aquariums (the
English plural).
Words of Latin origin
Here’s a
list of some words that came into English from Latin which can form their
plurals in two ways:
Word
|
Latin
plural
|
English
plural
|
antennae
|
antennas
|
|
appendices
|
appendixes
|
|
cacti
|
cactuses
|
|
curricula
|
curriculums
|
|
formulae
|
formulas
|
|
indices
|
indexes
|
|
millennia
|
millenniums
|
|
referenda
|
referendums
|
|
stadia
|
stadiums
|
|
termini
|
terminuses
|
|
thesauri
|
thesauruses
|
|
vortices
|
vortexes
|
Note that
there are a few nouns which have come into English from Latin which should
always form their plural in the Latin way. Most of these are scientific or
technical terms. The most common ones are:
singular
|
plural
|
algae
|
|
alumni
|
|
larvae
|
Remember
too, that the plural form of octopus should always be octopuses
and never octopi. This is because the word came into English from Greek,
not Latin, and so the usual rules for Latin plurals don't apply.
Words of Greek origin
Nouns which
end in -is usually come from Greek. Their plurals are made by changing
the -is to -es:
singular
|
plural
|
crises
|
|
analyses
|
|
neuroses
|
Words of French origin
Certain
words which have come into English from French have two possible plural forms:
the original French plural and an English one. These words end in the letters -eau,
for example:
Word
|
French
plural
|
English
plural
|
bureaux
|
bureaus
|
|
chateaux
|
chateaus
|
|
gateaux
|
gateaus
|
|
trousseaux
|
trousseaus
|
Words of Italian origin
Most words
which have come into English from Italian form their plurals with an -s,
as if they were English words. For example, the Italian plural of cappuccino
is cappuccini, but when the word is used in English, its plural form is cappuccinos.
Here are some more examples:
Word
|
Italian
plural
|
English
plural
|
espressi
|
espressos
|
|
pizze
|
pizzas
|
|
risotti
|
risottos
|
|
freschi
|
frescos or
frescoes
|
A notable
exception to this is the word paparazzo, which keeps the Italian plural
form paparazzi in English.
There's also
a group of Italian words which have entered English in their plural forms –
these are typically the names for various kinds of pasta. For example:
spaghetti;
tagliatelle; tortellini; cannelloni; lasagne.
Although
these words are already in their Italian plural forms, they can take an -s
to form English plurals in certain contexts. For example:
They ordered
three spaghettis and two cannellonis.
Here, the
meaning is ‘a dish or serving of spaghetti’ rather than ‘a kind of pasta’.
Note that in
British English, you should spell lasagne with an e at the end.
In American English it's spelled with an -a at the end, i.e. lasagna
(which is the Italian singular form, though this is rarely if ever used in
Italian itself).
Words that
have come into English from foreign languages are known as loanwords.
Some of these loanwords have developed plural (or singular) forms in English
that are regarded as grammatically incorrect because they go against the
grammar of the original language.
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